Notes on Culture Element Distributions
The Culture Element Distributions series can be viewed online for free through UC Berkeley Library digital collections.
- Klimek, S., & Kroeber, A. L. (1935). Culture Element Distributions: I: The Structure of California Indian Culture. Anthropological Records 37(1):1-70. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/82933?ln=en&v=pdf
- *Gifford, E. W., & Klimek, S. (1936). Culture element distributions: II: Yana. Anthropological Records 37(2):71-100. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/82937?ln=en&v=pdf
- Kroeber, A. L., & Kroeber, A. L. (1936). Culture Element Distributions: III. Area and Climax. Anthropological Records 37(3):101-115. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/82935?ln=en&v=pdf
- *Gifford, E. W., & Kroeber, A. L. (1937). Culture Element Distributions: IV: Pomo. Anthropological Records 37(4):117-254. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/82939?ln=en&v=pdf
- *Drucker, P. (1937). Culture Element Distributions: V, Southern California, by Philip Drucker. [Preface by AL Kroeber.]. Anthropological Records 1(1):1-52. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84110?ln=en&v=pdf
- Driver, H. E. (1937). Culture Element Distributions: VI, Southern Sierra Nevada, by Harold E. Driver.[Preface by AL Kroeber.]. Anthropological Records 1(2):53-154. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84107?ln=en&v=pdf
- (*)Barnett, H. G. (1937). Culture Element Distributions: VII, Oregon Coast, by HG Barnett. Anthropological Records 1(3):155-204. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar001-004.pdf
- Driver, H. E. (1938). Culture Element Distributions: VIII-The Reliability of Culture Element Data. Anthropological Records 1(4):205-219 Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84109?ln=en&v=pdf
- Barnett, H. G. (1939). Culture Element Distributions: IX, Gulf of Georgia Salish. Anthropological Records, 1(5):221-95. University of California, Berkeley. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84113?ln=en&v=pdf
- *Driver, H. E., & Driver, H. E. (1939). Culture element distributions: X. Northwest California. Anthropological Records 1(6):297-433. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84115?ln=en&v=pdf
- Kroeber, A. L. (1939). Culture Element Distributions: XI Tribes Surveyed. Anthropological Records 1(7):435-440. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84112?ln=en&v=pdf
- *Gifford, E. W. (1940). Culture Element Distributions: XII. Apache-Pueblo. Anthropological Records 4(1):1-207. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84148?ln=en&v=pdf
- **Steward, J. H. (1941). Culture Element Distributions: XIII: Nevada Shoshone. Anthropological Records 4(2):209-259. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84152?ln=en&v=pdf
- **Steward, O. C. (1941). Culture Element Distributions XIV: Northern Paiute. Anthropological Records 4(3):361-446. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84154?ln=en&v=pdf
- Kroeber, A. L. (1941). Culture Element Distributions XV: Salt, dogs, tobacco. Anthropological Records 6(1):1-20. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/83547?ln=en&v=pdf
- Driver, H. E. (1941). Culture Element Distributions: XVI: Girls’ Puberty Rites in Western North America. Anthropological Records 6(2):21-90 . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/83545?ln=en&v=pdf
- *Drucker, P. (1941). Culture Element Distributions: XVII: Yuman-Piman. Anthropological Records 6(3):91-230. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/83549?ln=en&v=pdf
- **Stewart, O. C. (1941). Culture Element Distributions: XVIII Ute-Southern Paiute. Anthropological Records 6(4):231-354. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/83548?ln=en&v=pdf
- Harrington, J. P. (1942). Culture Element Distribution: XIX Central California Coast. Anthropological Records 7(1):1-46. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/83553?ln=en&v=pdf
- **Voegelin, E. W. (1942). Culture Element Distibutions: XX Northeast California. Anthropological Records 7(2):47-251. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84125?ln=en&v=pdf
- Essene, F. (1942). Culture Element Distributions: XXI Round Valley. Anthropological Records 8(1):1-97. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84124?ln=en&v=pdf
- †Ray, V. F. (1942). Culture Element Distributions: XXII Plateau. Anthropological Records 8(2):99-258. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84128?ln=en&v=pdf
- (*)Steward, J. H. (1943). Culture Element Distribution: XXIII Northern and Gosiute Shoshoni. Anthropological Records 8(3):263-392. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84126?ln=en&v=pdf
- Aginsky, B. W. (1943). Culture Element Distributions: XXIV Central Sierra. Anthropological Records 8(4):393-468. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84130?ln=en&v=pdf
- Chrétien, C. G. (1945). Culture Element Distributions: XXV Reliability of Statistical Procedures and Results. Anthropological Records 8(5):469-490. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84132?ln=en&v=pdf
- †Drucker, P. A. (1950). Culture Element Distributions: XXVI Northwest Coast. Anthropological Records 9(3):157-294. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/84135?ln=en&v=pdf
*Mention of female transvestites
(*)Mention of female transvestites, with some reservations
**Detailed description of female transvestites
† Search for "berdache" or "transvestite" retrieved no results; no mention in Lang (1998).
The remaining files do not mention female transvestites ("berdaches").
In the Culture Element Distributions series, the term "berdache" or "transvestite" were used to describe Native Americans with the "tendency to behave like the opposite sex" from the Western cultural perspective. Homosexuals, cross-dressers, intersex persons, sterile persons, women who performed men's work, men who performed women's work, and shamans were all grouped together under this artificial category.
Tribes affirmed to have female transvestites ("berdaches"):
- Achomawi
- Atsugewi
- Cocopa
- Diné (Western Navajo)
- Klamath
- Maricopa
- Mohave
- Northern Paiute
- Northern Pomo (Kacha-bida)
- Papago
- Shasta
- Shoshone
- Southern Paiute
- Tonto Apache (Southern)
- Ute (Pahvant, Southern)
- Wintu
- Wiyot
- Yana (Central)
- Yuma
Tribes affirmed to have female transvestites ("berdaches"), with some uncertainty:
- Tolowa
Female transvestites ("berdaches") reported to dress as men and marry women:
- Cocopa
- Mohave
- Southern Paiute (Ash Meadows)
Female transvestites ("berdaches") reported to never marry men:
- Northern Pomo (Kacha-bida)
- Papago (Kikimai)
- Shasta (Eastern)
- Ute (Southern)
Female transvestites ("berdaches") reported to never marry women:
- Northern Paiute (Tagö-töka)
- Shoshone (Hamilton, Ruby Valley)
- Ute (Pahvant)
- Wintu (Trinity River or Hayfork)
- Wintu (McCloud River)
Culture Element Distributions I: The Structure of California Indian Culture
No mention of female transvestites ("berdaches").
*Culture Element Distributions II: Yana
Female transvestites ("434. Women became berdaches") affirmed for Central Yana. No additional details.
PAGE 84:
433. Berdaches(transvestites)N(x),Cx
434. Women became berdaches N-,Cx
N = Northern Yana
C = Central Yana
x = present
- = absent
(x) = doubtful, probably present
(-) = doubtful, probably absent
PAGE 153
779. Women became berdaches
HP: (-)
Kc: x
ALL OTHER: -
x = Stated to occur among the group; that is, present.
- = Stated not to occur among the group; that is, absent.
(-) = …absent…but statement was made with more or less reservation or seemed not wholly certain to recorder
PAGE 196
779. Kc - One at Kacha. Not married; lived with her family. Hunted. Called das, like male berdache.
Northern Pomo of Russian River drainage
Kacha'(Kc),more fully Kacha-bida, "K.-creek." Barrett puts Kacha-bida, also called Dapishu, near head of Redwood Canyon cr. Kacha inft spoke of himself as of Walker v., on adjoining Forsythe cr. On Mill cr., affluent of Forsythe, is Kacha-ke. Possibly all territory of one community; or this dislocated by whites. Kacha had feud over deer-snare poaching with Willits over divide to N. Possessed 4-door ghost-society ceremonial house besides regular assembly house.
Hill Patwin (HP). -Inft, George Bill, about 50 years of age. Data refer to northern Hill Patwin of Lodoga region on Little Stony cr. (Patwin, 263, nos. 28-30)
RATING OF INFORMANTS
Kacha: A (knowledge) A (initiative) A (accuracy)
Northeast (Hill Patwin?): B (knowledge) D (init.) D (accuracy)
*Culture Element Distributions: V Southern California
Female transvestites ("1043. Female berdaches") affirmed for Yuma. No information about Western Diegueno or Desert Diegueno, denied for all other tribes. No additional details.
PAGE 27
1043. Female berdaches
WDma •
DDkw •
Yuma +
ALL ELSE: -
+ = Element present
- = Element absent or denied
• = No information; or informant did not understand question, or I did not understand his answer.
RATING INFORMANTS
WDma. Knowledge slightly below par, and none too intelligent...D
DDkw. Information on material culture good; on the rest, only fair. Had sort of inferiority complex about his culture, which led him to belittle it...B
Yuma. Knowledge good; intelligence good...A
Only male transvestites; no female transvestites.
PAGE 109:
ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS
Female berdaches
Female transvestites ("1382. Female berdaches") affirmed, with some uncertainty, for Tolowa. No additional details.
PAGE 185
1382. Female berdaches
To: (+)
To = Tolowa
+ Presence of trait, or statement is true.
() Indicates some reservation on the part of the informant; usually it means "sometimes," or "a few."
Culture Element Distributions: VIII The Reliability of Culture Element Data
No mention of female transvestites ("berdaches").
Culture Element Distrbutions: IX Gulf of Georgia Salish
No mention of female transvestites ("berdaches").
Only one reference to "berdache" or "transvestite".
Page 278:
ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS
“Berdache esteemed as shaman”
*Culture Element Distributions: X Northwest California
According to the Mattole informant, female transvestites ("1770. Female berdaches") are affirmed for the Wiyot. The female transvestites of the Wiyot are also affirmed to "1771. Dress like a man and hunt". No additional details, but it is doubtful that they were homosexual because homosexuality is denied among the male berdaches.
PAGE 347
1770. Female berdaches
Wy (Wiyot) *+
1771. Dress like man and hunt
Wy (Wiyot) +
PAGE 405
1770. Wiyot: Female berdaches, according to Matt informant.
Matt, Mattole (Mt)
Wiyot, Wiyot of Eel R. (Wy)
PAGE 307-8
Matt: Ike Duncan. Petrolia; 61; good health. Father from mouth of Mattole River, mother from Bear River. Born and reared at mouth of Mattole. Excellent informant, very cooperative. Excellent English.
[Wiyot informant also described as “Good informant. Good English.”]
PAGE 372
ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS:
BERDACHES Live with a normal man. Homosexual intercourse with normal man.
Culture Element Distributions: XI Tribes Surveyed
No mention of female transvestites ("berdaches").
*Culture Element Distributions: XII Apache-Pueblo
Female transvestites ("2500. Females as males") affirmed for Western Navaho, Southern Tonto, Southern Ute, and Kikimai Papago.
Western Navaho: "female berdaches hunted and warred."
Southern Tonto: "lazy men and women who wanted to cohabit with own sex."
Southern Ute: "one female berdache dressed like man, made baskets and pots, never married."
Kikimai Papago: "female berdache cowboy at Sells in 1935, female berdaches hunted, warred, never married."
No additional details.
PAGE 66
2500. Females as males
WN +
ST +
SU +
KP +
PAGE 163
2498-2500. WN female berdaches hunted and warred. EN shaman in 1935 donned women's clothes,wove. ST lazy men and women who wanted to cohabit with own sex. Ci dressing of boy like girl in dance, not continued. SU male berdaches made bas-kets and pots, did not cohabit with men; one female berdache dressed like man, made baskets and pots, never married. Zu male berdaches dressed like women, women's work, sometimes "married" man; parents might bring up boy as girl if no girl in family. SA male berdaches did women's work. KP male berdaches did women's work, did not cohabit with men; female berdache cowboy at Sells in 1935; female berdaches hunted, warred, never married.
PAGE 2
Western Navaho.–Haschinisusu (Small Man), a blind shaman, ca. 80 yrs. old. Born near little Colorado r., 12 mi. upstream from Leupp, Arizona. Just before his birth his parents moved to this place from ca. 30 mi. N of Oraibi, because of crowded conditions there and the fact that relatives were already living on Little Colorado. Informant 6 or 8 yrs. old when Navaho taken to Ft. Sumner in 1863. He declined to discuss death customs; but informant obtained from 19-year-old interpreter. Interpreters: Maxwell Yozzie, Reid Jensen, Felix Baldwin, Stephen N. Jackson. Informant interviewed near Leupp, Arizona.
Southern Tonto.–Henry Irving, probably ca. 82 because ca. 20 peace made at Camp Verde (1873). Did not see "stars fall" in 1833, but his father did. Camp a bit N of confluence of Rye and Tonto crs. was his birthplace, but lived mostly at Ligaishak, his parents' home, at foot of Mogolom rim, where his father had farm. Data refer to Ligaishak, in territory of 6th semiband of Southern Tonto. Informant reticent about celestial and religious matters. Interpreter: Fred Casey. Informant interviewed at Payson, Arizona.
Southern Ute.–Yapague, and his wife, Ita. Both ca. 80; of Wemenuis band; already married when saw first white man. Would not discuss war. Interpreter: Herbert Stacker. Informants interviewed at Towaoc, Colorado.
Kikimai Papago.–Jose Santos. Age given 58; looked much older. Lived at San Xavier 32 yrs. Born at Akchin in Kikimai territory; both parents Akchin people. Informant and father of maakam clan, mother of apkikam clan. Informant continually wanted to relate mythical origin of each thing, tobacco, ax, etc. Informant an annualist; possessed carved-stick record for "92" yrs. (from 1935 back); published by Underhill, 1938. Interpreter: Frank J. Rios. Informant interviewed at San Xavier, Arizona.
PAGE 312
BERDACHES OR TRANSVESTITES
2100. Female
2101. Wear man's dress
2102. Does man's work
2104. Marriage to woman
SM (SP-Ash): Female [+] Wear man’s dress [+] Does man’s work [?] Marriage to woman [+]
Sh (S-Hmlt): Female [+] Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [+] Marriage to woman [-]
Si (S-Ely): Female [+] Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Marriage to woman [[BLANK]]
Sj (S-SprV): Female [+] Wear man’s dress [+] Does man’s work [?] Marriage to woman [?]
Sm (S-RubV): Female [+] Wear man’s dress [+] Does man’s work [+] Marriage to woman [-]
PAGE 327
ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS
BERDACHES OR TRANSVESTITES (2097) Male: social restrictions. (2103) Female: has male organs; (2105) lives with woman;(2106) is shaman; (2107) social restrictions.(2108) Regarded disapprovingly; (2109) regarded indifferently.
PAGE 212
SP-Ash, Southern Paiute of Ash Meadows, California, members of the Ute-Chemehuevi division of Shoshonean. This group occupied also Pahrump, Nevada. Though included by Kelly6 as part of the Las Vegas band, the people of this locality claimed political and social independence of Las Vegas. Today and probably formerly many Shoshoni are intermixed with the Paiute. Informants: AH and MHo.
S-Hmlt, Shoshoni of Hamilton in the White Pine Mountains, west of Ely. Information generally applicable to Jake's Valley, White Sage Valley, Butte Valley, and Newark Valley. Informants: HJ and JW, HJ interpreting. Some notes are added on Shoshoni of Diamond Valley to the north, SF in-formant.
S-Ely, Shoshoni of Ely, Nevada. Information applicable to southern end of Steptoe Valley. Informant: AR.
S-SprV, Shoshoni of Spring Valley and the neighboring Antelope Valley and Snake Valley. Contacts with Steptoe Valley Shoshoni, with Gosiute of Deep Creek and vicinity, and somewhat with Ute of the Sevier Desert, Utah, and with Southern Paiute to the south. There was no sharp distinction between S-SprV and neighboring Gosiute who are also Shoshoni. (The latter will be described in a future list.)
S-RubV, Shoshoni of Ruby Valley, a well-watered and densely populated region lying east of the Ruby Mountains and southeast of Elko. In-formant: RVJ.
PAGE 405
BERDACHES OR TRANSVESTITES
[ITEMS 2090-2099 describe "Male berdache (tüvasa)"]
2100. Female berdache (moroni noho or tüvasa)
2100a. Sterile
2101. Wear man’s dress
2102. Does man’s work
2103. Has male organs
2104. Marriage to woman
2105. Lives with woman
2106. Is shaman
2109. Regarded indifferently
ALL TRIBES: Female berdache (moroni noho or tüvasa) [+YES] Sterile [+YES] Regarded indifferently [+ALL]
Ts: Wear man’s dress [+YES] Does man’s work [+YES] Has male organs [+YES] Marriage to woman [-] Lives with woman [+YES] Is shaman [-]
K1: Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-]
Lives with woman [+YES] Is shaman [-]
K2: Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-]
Lives with woman [+YES] Is shaman [-]
Kü: Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-]
Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [-]
To: Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-]
Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [-]
Tö: Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-]
Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [-]
Pa: Wear man’s dress [+YES] Does man’s work [+YES] Has male organs [+YES] Marriage to woman [-] Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [-]
Wa: Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-]
Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [-]
At: Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-]
Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [-]
Sa: Wear man’s dress [+YES] Does man’s work [+YES] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [+YES] Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [+YES]
Tg: Wear man’s dress [+YES] Does man’s work [+YES] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-] Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [-]
Wd: Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-]
Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [-]
Ki: Wear man’s dress [-] Does man’s work [-] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [-]
Lives with woman [-] Is shaman [-]
AE: Wear man’s dress [+YES] Does man’s work [+YES] Has male organs [-] Marriage to woman [+YES] Lives with woman [+YES] Is shaman [-]
PAGE 440
BERDACHES OR TRANSVESTITES
2090. Tüvasa designated any sterile personas well as the sexually abnormal usually considered transvestites. Kl: "Charlie Lowry is tüvasa. He can't make babies. His wife has four children and Charlie supports them because he loves babies, but someone else made them'(DG). To: No tüvasa 'because our Indians were good and taught their children right" (MN). M Nonce saw a Kuyui man at Virginia City who wore dresses, did washing, and so on. Ki: JB knew of a Paiute man who wore dresses, did bead work, and so on, but he did not live in Fort Bidwell.
2091. K2: See note 2090.
2091, 2092. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 80).
2100. GN: Women tüvasa 'never menstruate or have babies" (Kü).
2110. Kl: To test a boy to see if he is really tüvasa, place him on a piece of paper or on some dry grass. On one side put a bow and some arrows, on the other put buckskin, awl, basketry (cloth, scissors, and thread), then set on fire paper or grass. Frightened child will pick up objects from one side as he saves him-self. If he takes the bow and arrows, he is normal; if he takes the objects associated with women, he is tüvasa and will be funny and never make babies. The young man at Nixon who is said to be a berdache was submitted to the test and took the women's things. He isn't married(DG).
Ts, Tasiget-tuviwarai
K1, K2 Kuyui-dökadö
Kü, Küpa-dökadö
To, Toe-dökadö
Tö, Tövusi-dökadö
Pa, Pakwi-dökadö
Wa, Washo (non-Paiute)
At, Atsa’kudökwa-tuviwarai
Sa, Sawa’waktödö-tuviwarai
Tg, Tagö-töka
Wd, Wada-dökadö
Ki, Kidü-dökadö
AE, Achomawi (non-Paiute)
PAGE 163
3184. Female berdaches:
Mo (Mohave) +
Co (Cocopa) +
Ma (Maricopa) +
Pa (Papago) +
Yq (Yaqui) [BLANK, informant not asked?]
ALL OTHER TRIBES -
3185. Female berdache marries woman:
Mo (Mohave) +
Co (Cocopa) +
Ma (Maricopa) *-
Pa (Papago) [BLANK, informant not asked?]
Yq (Yaqui) [BLANK, informant not asked?]
ALL OTHER TRIBES -
+ Element reported present.
- Element denied.
* See section "Ethnographic Notes on the Element List." [Asterisk indicates there is a note for this element]
PAGE 218 [Items 3172-3183 refer to male "berdaches"]
3173. Pap: Transformation as the result of a dream may have been true only of those who became berdaches after maturity (such a one is said to be living in Sonora at present).
3183. Pap: This must have been most rare. Berdaches seem to have been scorned by Pima and Papago, and, among the latter, a man who con- sorted with them was singled out for ridicule(see element 3191).
3185. Mar: Reported present by Spier (1933,243).3
PAGE 298
3163. Female berdache
3164. Wear man’s dress
3165. Does man’s work
3166. Regarded indifferently
UP Female berdache [+] Wear man's dress [+] Does man's work [+] Regarded indifferently [+]
ALL ELSE Female berdache [-] Wear man's dress [-] Does man's work [-] Regarded indifferently [-]
PAGE 332
ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS
BERDACHES …Female: has male organs; married to woman; lives with woman; is shaman; socially restricted; regarded disapprovingly. Fire test to determine berdache; burning-brush (N Paiute)test; burning-hut test; test for all children…
PAGE 334
ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS
EROTIC PRACTICES …Male or female homosexuality, except with berdaches…
PAGE 352
[TERMINOLOGY USED FOR BERDACHE (SEX NOT SPECIFIED)]
tangowaipö: GD
tuwusawuts (and variants): UM, UU, UP, UT, UC, U2, SA, SJ
[UP term is towasawuts; sex not specified]
[NO TERM]: U1, UW
maipots (tuwusawö = sterility): SS
onobakö (tuwusawö = sterility): SK
[NO TERM is provided for the Navaho]
Goshute, Deep Creek (GD)
Ute, Moaunts (UM)
Ute, Tömpanöwöts (UU)
Ute, Pahvant (UP)
Ute, Taviwatsiu (UT)
Ute, Möwataviwatsiu (UC)
Ute, Möwatci (U1)
Ute, Möwatci (U2)
Ute, Wimönuntci (UW)
Southern Paiute, Antarianunts (SA)
Southern Paiute, Shivwits (SS)
Southern Paiute, Kaibab (SK)
Southern Paiute. San Juan (SJ)
Navaho, Northwestern (NN)
Culture Element Distribution: XIX Central California Coast
"Female berdaches" marked "probably absent" or blank (informant not asked?) for all tribes.
PAGE 32
1233. Female berdaches
In B1 V1 V3 K1 G3: (-)
ALL ELSE: [BLANK, informant not asked?]
(+)(-) Probably present or absent, or said to be; doubt on part of ethnographer
In: Inezeño Chumash
B1, B2: Barbareño Chumash
V1, V2, V3, V4: Ventureño Chumash
K1, K2: Kitanemuk Serrano
G1, G2, G3: Gabrielino
PAGE 134-5
Kl Mo SE SW | At AW AE | WT WM WS | MM MF | NF NM NS MV
*4011. Female transvestites affirmed for group
+ Kl SE | AW AE | WT WM WS
*+ At
• NS
4012. Live with woman
4012a. Live with man
2012b. Wear woman’s clothes
2013. Some are shamans
2014. Perform man’s work only
2015. Perform labors both sexes
2016. Dig graves or helps at funerals
2017. Regarded disapprovingly
2018. Regarded indifferently
Kl: Live with woman [+YES] Live with man [[BLANK]] Wear woman’s clothes [+YES] Some are shamans [+YES] Perform man’s work only [+YES] Perform labors of both sexes [-] Dig grave or helps at funerals [(+)] Regarded disapprovingly [[BLANK]] Regarded indifferently [[BLANK]]
Mo: [-]
SE: Live with woman [-] Live with man [-] Wear woman’s clothes [+YES] Some are shamans [+YES] Perform man’s work only [-] Perform labors of both sexes [+YES] Dig grave or helps at funerals [-] Regarded disapprovingly [-] Regarded indifferently [-]
SW: [-]
At: Live with woman [+YES] Live with man [[BLANK]] Wear woman’s clothes [+YES] Some are shamans [-] Perform man’s work only [-] Perform labors of both sexes [+YES] Dig grave or helps at funerals [-] Regarded disapprovingly [+YES] Regarded indifferently [-]
AW: Live with woman [+YES] Live with man [[BLANK]] Wear woman’s clothes [+YES] Some are shamans [-] Perform man’s work only [+YES] Perform labors of both sexes [-] Dig grave or helps at funerals [-] Regarded disapprovingly [+YES] Regarded indifferently [+YES]
AE: Live with woman [+YES] Live with man [[BLANK]] Wear woman’s clothes [+YES] Some are shamans [+YES] Perform man’s work only [+YES] Perform labors of both sexes [•] Dig grave or helps at funerals [+YES] Regarded disapprovingly [-] Regarded indifferently [+YES]
WT: Live with woman [-] Live with man [+YES] Wear woman’s clothes [-] Some are shamans [-] Perform man’s work only [-] Perform labors of both sexes [+YES] Dig grave or helps at funerals [-] Regarded disapprovingly [-] Regarded indifferently [+YES]
WM: Live with woman [-] Live with man [+YES] Wear woman’s clothes [-] Some are shamans [-] Perform man’s work only [-] Perform labors of both sexes [+YES] Dig grave or helps at funerals [-] Regarded disapprovingly [-] Regarded indifferently [+YES]
WS: Live with woman [+YES] Live with man [-] Wear woman’s clothes [+YES] Some are shamans [-] Perform man’s work only [+YES] Perform labors of both sexes [-] Dig grave or helps at funerals [-] Regarded disapprovingly [-] Regarded indifferently [-]
MM: [-]
MF: [-]
NF: [-]
NM: [-]
NS: [•] (marked this way for all, male and female transvestites)
MV: [-]
Kl Klamath, of Klamath Marsh
Mo Modoc, of Tule Lake
SE Shasta, Eastern, of Shasta Valley
SW Shasta, Western, of Klamath and Rogue rivers
At Atsugewi (Hat Creek)
AW Achomawi, Western (Achomawi proper)
AE Achomawi, Eastern (Hammawi)
WT Wintu, Trinity River or Hayfork
WM Wintu, McCloud River
WS Wintu, Sacramento River (upper)
MM Maidu, Mountain (NE), Indian Valley
MF Maidu, Foothill (NW), Dogwood, Cherokee, Yankee Hill
NF Nisenan, Foothill, Stanfield Hill or Yuba River
NM Nisenan, Mountain, northerly
NS Nisenan, Southern (of mountains)
MV Maidu, Valley (NW), vicinity of Chico
+ Element affirmed by informant.
- Element denied by informant.
(+) Element affirmed, but some doubt concern-ing it on part of informant or ethnographer.
(-) Element denied, but with qualifications as in the preceding.
• Element enquired about, but informant un-certain regarding it.
* Further information concerning item is contained in the section "Ethnographic Notes on the Element List.”
Blank Element not enquired for by ethnographer.
PAGE 228
3999. Mo, MM, MV: Known by informants to exist among such tribes as "Pit River" (Achomawi) and Kl, but denied positively for informants' own groups. SW: Informant himself had many traits of transvestite, although he dressed in men's clothes; most of elements listed positively below for SW are entered from volunteered data and observation of facts rather than as result of direct questioning. At: Referred to as ya'wa'. NM: "In early days didn't have any [transvestites]"; informant knew of only 2 hermaphrodites (?), a Mexican at Auburn and a half-breed woman.
4008. "Because born that way."'
4009. AW: Informant for At stated, "1 Pit River (Achomawi) woman, after she'd had children, dreamt to be like that."
*4011. See note 3999. At: Referred to as brumaiwi. Wear false penis (?), made of pitch, suspended from belt.
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ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS
BERDACHES Not allowed in sweat house; homosexuality among women.
PAGE 65
BERDACHES
1279. Kl: Called das…
Kl Kalekau (N Pomo)
PAGE 279
Berdachism was but slightly developed, followed no marked conventions, and was linked with no social pursuits. No cases of female transvestites were recalled. (See note 2173.)
PAGE 385
BERDACHES OR TRANSVESTITES
2173. S-Lemhi: Berdaches or transvestites of both sexes were called tübasa (sterile) or ten-anduakia (tenδp, man; ?); female berdaches, waip:ü(woman) sungwe (half). JPe thought each band had had no more than one wapi:üsungwe. One he recalled had a feminine face and breasts but was thought to be a man and dressed and behaved like a man.
Ss S-Lemhi Shoshoni, Lemhi: bands Tuka-düka and Agai-düka.
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(1) S-Lemhi. Shoshoni inhabited the mountains of central Idaho south of the Salmon River, liv-ing in several small, independent villages. These people were without horses and were probably very similar to the Western Shoshoni. They were called Tuka (mountain sheep) düka (eaters). In the same region, however, were Shoshoni on the Lemhi River. They possessed horses and were like the Northern Shoshoni. They were called Agai (salmon) düka(not to be confused with the Western Shoshoni Agai düka on the Snake River in western Idaho).
The informant, JPe, James Pegoga, a man of about eighty-five years, was born in a Tuka di Aka village west of the Lemhi River, but later lived on the Lemhi River, the mountain people gradually having amalgamated with the Lemhi band and acquired horses. The list, therefore, is a composite of practices of both peoples. These people are now at Fort Hall.
No mention of female transvestites ("berdaches").
Culture Element Distributions: XXV Reliability of Statistical Procedures and Results
No mention of female transvestites ("berdaches").
†Culture Element Distributions: XXVI Northwest Coast
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